download Perfectly Clear Essentials diffrent workbench

These findings have already shown the significant impact metabolites can have on biological systems. This concept has been investigated for decades, especially through the seminal discoveries of glucose, fatty acids and other lipids as regulators of insulin secretion and sensitivity 4, the lac operon in bacteria 5, and nutrient and energy sensing by the mTOR kinase 6.

Through this interaction metabolites also serve as direct modulators of biological processes and phenotypes.

Metabolite activity is a fascinating aspect of metabolism given that the metabolome interacts with and actively modulates all other ‘omic’ levels ( Figure 1). However, the perception of metabolites mainly as a downstream product - biomarkers (of gene and protein activity) - has minimized the awareness of their far-reaching regulatory activity. Within this framework, the metabolome, the entity of metabolites, has become widely accepted as the dynamic and sensitive measure of the phenotype at the molecular level, placing metabolomics at the forefront of biomarker and mechanistic discoveries related to pathophysiological processes 3. The information flow through these different ‘omic’ levels of biochemical organization is described as the central dogma of molecular biology 2. These gears are viewed as simply performing a function as an integral part of a larger system. In a more visual manner, metabolism can be depicted as a machine with metabolic gears that are intertwined with the activity of genes and proteins 1. These small molecular chemical entities transcend the genome and proteome, representing the most downstream stage in this dynamic system defined as metabolism. The metabolome, a relatively recent entry into the omics spectrum, is represented by metabolites. Seventy years later we entered the multi-omics era, spurred by a massive advance in technology enabling the systematic quantitative characterization of the cells’ molecular “machinery” (genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome). Driven by his admiration for both technology and physiology, he drew fascinating illustrations and analogies between the human body and the recently developed industrial machines of the 20 th century. In the middle of the last century, Fritz Kahn, a German physician, had immense success with a book series on the “man machine” 1.

Download Perfectly Clear Essentials diffrent workbench